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This type of bonding occurs between NON-METALS.
COVALENT BONDING involves atoms SHARING pairs of electrons, so that the atoms can achieve a FULL OUTER SHELL and become STABLE.
These bonds form because the positively charged NUCLEI are attracted to the shared pairs of ELECTRONS by ELECTROSTATIC FORCES.

In these diagrams you only need to show the OUTER SHELL.
To represent atoms SHARING ELECTRONS, the dot and cross diagrams have OVERLAPPING SHELLS where the shared electrons are drawn.

Covalent Definition

These are simplified diagrams that use LINES to represent COVALENT BONDS.

Displayed Formula

Here are ALL the covalent diagrams you need to know:

Covalent Diagrams

These can help visualise the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule, offering insight into its structure.

3D Diagram

To determine the MOLECULAR FORMULA of a compound, count the number of each type of atom present in the molecule using any representation.

As there are 3 HYDROGEN atoms and 1 NITROGEN atom, this molecule has a formula of NH₃.

Here is a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of using these diagrams to represent covalent substances:

Covalent Diagrams Tables

This type of bonding occurs between NON-METALS.
COVALENT BONDING involves atoms SHARING pairs of electrons, so that the atoms can achieve a FULL OUTER SHELL and become STABLE.
These bonds form because the positively charged NUCLEI are attracted to the shared pairs of ELECTRONS by ELECTROSTATIC FORCES.

In these diagrams you only need to show the OUTER SHELL.
To represent atoms SHARING ELECTRONS, the dot and cross diagrams have OVERLAPPING SHELLS where the shared electrons are drawn.